MEAN OF MANY TERMS

NAME            : ENDAH GUSTIANTI HAMZAH

NIM                : 1201747

CLASS           : MATHEMATIC A 2012

1.      QUADRILATERAL

A Quadrilateral just means "four sides" (quad means four, lateral means side). A quadrilateral is a polygon with four sides (or edges) , four angles and four vertices or corners. The interior angles add up to 360 degrees A quadrilateral is a polygon. In fact it is a 4-sided polygon, just like a triangle is a 3-sided polygon, a pentagon is a 5-sided polygon, and so on. A quadrilateral can sometimes be called:

• a Quadrangle ("four angles"), so it sounds like "triangle"
• a Tetragon ("four and polygon"), so it sounds like "pentagon", "hexagon", etc.

Any four-sides shape is a Quadrilateral. But the sides have to be straight, and it has to be 2-dimensional.

2.      RECTANGLE

A rectangle is any quadrilateral with four right angles. Another name is equiangular quadrilateral, since equiangular means that all of its angles are equal (360°/4 = 90°). It can also be defined as a parallelogram containing a right angle.

A convex quadrilateral is a rectangle if and only if it is any one of the following:

·         a parallelogram with at least one right angle an equiangular parallelogram

·         a parallelogram with diagonals of equal length

·         a parallelogram ABCD where triangles ABD and DCA are congruent

·         a quadrilateral which has four right angles

·         an equiangular quadrilateral

The rectangle, like the square, is one of the most commonly known quadrilaterals. It is defined as having all four interior angles 90° (right angles). Opposite sides are parallel and congruent. The diagonals bisect each other. The diagonals are congruent.

3.      TRIANGLE

A triangle is one of the basic shapes of geometry: a polygon with three corners or vertices and three sides or edges which are line segments. A triangle has three sides and three angles. The three angles always add to 180°

There are three special names given to triangles that tell how many sides (or angles) are equal.

Equilateral Triangle              Isosceles Triangle                 Scalene Triangle

3 equal sides                        2 equal sides                                    no equal sides

3 equal angles (60°)             2 equal angles                                  no equa angles

4.      SQUARE

A square (regular quadrilateral): all four sides are of equal length (equilateral), and all four angles are right angles. An equivalent condition is that opposite sides are parallel (a square is a parallelogram), that the diagonals perpendicularly bisect each other, and are of equal length. A quadrilateral is a square if and only if it is both a rhombus and a rectangle (four equal sides and four equal angles). A square is a parallelogram but with all sides equal in length and all angles fixed at 90°. A square is a special case of a rectangle where all four sides are the same length. A square is a rhombus but with angles all 90° .

Each diagonal of a square is the perpendicular bisector of the other. That is, each cuts the other into two equal parts, and they cross and right angles (90°). The length of each diagonal is s√2.

5.      KITE

A kite is two pairs of adjacent sides are of equal length. This implies that one diagonal divides the kite into congruent triangles, and so the angles between the two pairs of equal sides are equal in measure. It also implies that the diagonals are perpendicular. A kite is a member of the quadrilateral family. It has two pairs of equal sides. Each pair must be adjacent sides (sharing a common vertex) and each pair must be distinct. That is the pairs cannot have a side in common.

6.      RHOMBUS

A rhombus is all four sides are of equal length. Equivalent conditions are that opposite sides are parallel and opposite angles are equal, or that the diagonals perpendicularly bisect each other. An informal description is "a pushed over square" (including a square). A Rhombus is a flat shape with 4 equal straight sides. A rhombus is a parallelogram but with all sides equal in length. Rhombus is a rectangle with opposite sides parallel, four sides equal and opposite angles equal. Kite with four side of the same length is called a rhombus. In the special case where all 4 sides are the same length, the kite satisfies the definition of a rhombus.

·         The four sides of equal length and opposite sides parallel
    * The length of AB = BC = CD = AD                   * AB / / DC and AD / / BC

·         Both diagonal rhombus is the axis of symmetry

·         The corners of the face as large and divided into two equal by the diagonals

* BAD = BCD      * ABC = ADC     * BAT = DAT = BCT = DCT     * ADT = CDT = ABT = CBT

·         Both diagonal rhombus bisect each other the same length and intersect perpendicular
     *Diagonal AC BD                * Long AT = TC                  * Long DT = TB

7.      TRAPEZOID

A trapezoid is a 4-sided flat shape with straight sides that has a pair of opposite sides parallel.

      Trapezoid        Isosceles Trapezoid

Called an Isosceles trapezoid when the sides that aren't parallel are equal in length and both angles coming from a parallel side are equal.

The parallel sides are the "bases"

The other two sides are the "legs"

The distance (at right angles) from one base to the other is called the "altitude"

8.      PARALLELOGRAM

A parallelogram is a quadrilateral with two pairs of parallel sides. Opposite sides are parallel. Opposite sides are equal in length. Opposite angles are equal (angles "a" are the same, and angles "b" are the same). Angles "a" and "b" add up to 180°, so they are supplementary angles.

MY CONCEPTION OF MATHEMATICAL PROBLEM

Name : Endah Gustianti Hamzah

NIM    : 1201747

Class   : Mathematic A 2012

The problem is a word often heard by us. However something to be a problem depending on how one getting such problem within its capabilities. The problem is a conflict, the barriers for students to complete the task in the class. If many students can solve any math problem, so the students will be rich in variation in solving math problems of any kind.

A mathematical problem is a situation which the solution is not immediately found but there should be a careful thought, based on certain patterns. The solution required logical thinking, problem identification thoroughly. mathematical problems taught us to be able to think logically, creatively, critically and hard work

A mathematical problem is a problem that is amenable to being represented, analyzed, and possibly solved, with the methods of mathematics. This can be a real-world problem, such as computing the orbits of the planets in the solar system, or a problem of a more abstract nature. It can also be a problem referring to the nature of mathematics itself.

A situation is a problem for someone, if he is aware of the situation, know that it takes an act, he wants and needs to act and act and the circumstances were not immediately solve with rules / specific way. So not every situation or question / issue is a problem. The issue is a special issue. The issue is called the problem, if it meets the following criteria.

Ø  It has no rules / ways that can immediately be used to solve it, that can not be done by routine procedures

Ø  Has a level of difficulty to suit the cognitive structure

Ø  There were awareness to action completed

The supply of problems in mathematics is inexhaustible, and as soon as one problem is

solved numerous others come forth in its place.

Types of Problems

·        Matter of routine, usually involves the application of a mathematical procedure the same or similar to the new study.

·        The problem is not routine, to arrive at the correct procedures required deeper thinking.

Meanwhile, Sadiq (2004) classifies two sorts of problems, namely Textbook word problem and the problem of the process (Process problem).